Data Source: Firearms Tracing System

January 1, 2018 – December 31, 2023 (as of March 11, 2024)

Contents

1. ATF Firearms Trace Data Disclaimer
2. Introduction
3. Analytical Criteria Used to Compile the Canada Trace Statistics
4. Table: Firearms Recovered in Canada and Submitted to ATF for Tracing
5. Table: U.S. Sourced Firearms Recovered in Canada and Submitted to ATF for Tracing
6. Table: Types of Firearms Recovered in Canada and Submitted to ATF for Tracing 
    

ATF Firearms Trace Data Disclaimer

Firearm traces are designed to assist law enforcement authorities in conducting investigations by tracking the sale and possession of specific firearms. Law enforcement agencies may request firearms traces for any investigative reason, and those reasons are not necessarily reported to the federal government. Not all firearms used in crime are traced and not all firearms traced are used in crime.

Firearms selected for tracing are not chosen for purposes of determining which types, makes or models of firearms are used for illicit purposes. The firearms selected do not constitute a random sample and should not be considered representative of the larger universe of all firearms used by criminals, or any subset of that universe. Firearms are normally traced to the first retail seller, and sources reported for firearms traced do not necessarily represent the sources or methods by which firearms in general are acquired for use in crime.
 

Introduction

The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) National Tracing Center (NTC) is the nation’s only crime gun tracing facility. As such, the NTC provides critical information that helps domestic and international law enforcement agencies solve firearms crimes, detect firearms trafficking and identify trends with respect to intrastate, interstate and international movement of crime guns. For calendar year (CY) 2018, the NTC traced more than 425,000 firearms; for CY 2019, more than 438,000 firearms; for CY 2020, more than 484,000 firearms; for CY 2021, more than 543,000 firearms; for CY 2022, more than 599,000 firearms; and for CY 2023, more than 630,000 firearms. Over this time period, the NTC has traced firearms for the United States and 134 other countries, including Canada.

Firearms tracing is the systematic tracking of the movement of a firearm from its first sale by a manufacturer or importer through the distribution chain in an attempt to identify the first retail purchaser, in order to provide investigative leads for criminal investigations.

After the firearm is recovered and the identifiers are forwarded to the NTC, ATF contacts the manufacturer or importer to ascertain the sale or transfer of the firearm. ATF will attempt to contact all ensuing federal firearms licensees (wholesale/retail) in the distribution chain until a purchaser is identified or the trace process cannot continue due to a lack of accurate or complete information on the trace request or in the federal firearms licensee’s records. The success of a trace result, whether domestic or international, relies upon the accuracy of the supplied firearm identifiers. The necessary identifiers for a trace include manufacturer, importer (if applicable), model, caliber and serial number.

This report relates only to those firearms recovered in Canada and traced by ATF. The firearm trace results are based upon the supplied firearm identifiers on the Canada trace requests. The Canadian trace data in this report is organized by the calendar year in which the firearm was recovered, not the year in which the trace was initiated.

For example, if a firearm was recovered in 2023 but the trace was not initiated until 2024, the data will be organized in the year of recovery, 2023. Organization by recovery date provides valuable investigative leads as well as more specific trend data. Therefore, using this example, if a firearm for which a trace is initiated in later years is determined to have been recovered in 2023, the raw trace numbers for 2023 will increase in subsequent trace data reports. As a result, the trace numbers for each calendar year may fluctuate, necessitating changes to prior years’ trace numbers in future reports. If a recovery date is not provided for a firearm, trace data for that firearm is organized by the calendar year in which the trace was entered into the Firearms Tracing System by ATF.

Analytical Criteria Used to Compile the Canada Trace Statistics

All of the attached trace statistics had the following selection criteria in common:

• Traces with a recovery country of Canada were included.
• Traces with a recovery date between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2023, were included.
  • If a recovery date was not provided, traces with an entered date between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2023, were included.
    • In CY 2018 through CY 2023, 90.4% of all Canada traces listed a recovery date.
• Duplicate traces were not included. A duplicate is a trace request for the same recovery of a firearm that was previously traced.
• All traces may not have been submitted or completed at the time of this analysis.
• Statistics are based on a query of the Firearms Tracing System on March 11, 2024.
• Due to rounding, some percentages may not correspond with the sum of the separate percentages.
   

Firearms Recovered in Canada
and Submitted to ATF for Tracing

CALENDAR YEARS 2018 - 2023

Scroll horizontally if needed to view full table.

This chart is based upon firearms recovered in Canada in a particular year and submitted to ATF for tracing.

• The category "U.S. Sourced Firearms" refers to those firearms that were determined by ATF to be manufactured in the U.S. or legally imported into the U.S. by a federal firearms licensee.
• "Manufactured in the United States" refers to those firearms that were determined by ATF to be manufactured in the U.S. by a federal firearms licensee (manufacturer).
• "Imported into the United States" refers to those firearms that were determined by ATF to be legally imported into the U.S. by a federal firearms licensee (importer). Foreign manufactured firearms that are legally imported into the U.S. require that the importer name be stamped (impressed) on the firearm (27 C.F.R. Section 478.92). The firearm is traced by ATF through the U.S.‐based importer, not the foreign manufacturer.
• The category “Undetermined Source Country for Firearms” refers to those firearms in which the trace request did not provide sufficient information in order for ATF to determine a source country.
• "Non‐U.S. Manufacturer" refers to those firearms in which the trace request indicated a non‐U.S. (foreign) manufacturer and a U.S. firearms importer was either not listed (possible omission of the trace requestor) or not required (a foreign manufactured firearm that never legally entered U.S. commerce and therefore would not bear the identifying stamp of a U.S. firearms importer). ATF is unable to determine if these non‐U.S. (foreign) manufactured firearms were imported directly into Canada, or if the firearms were legally imported into the U.S. or went to another country and then made their way to Canada by legal or illegal means.
• "Undetermined Country of Origin" refers to those firearms in which the trace request was unclear as to the manufacturer, country of origin and the importer. ATF is unable to determine the firearm's manufacturer, or if the firearms were imported directly into Canada, or if the firearms were legally imported into the U.S. or went to another country and then made their way to Canada by legal or illegal means.
• "Total" refers to all firearms recovered in Canada in a particular calendar year and submitted to ATF for tracing.
   

U.S. Sourced Firearms Recovered in Canada
and Submitted to ATF for Tracing

CALENDAR YEARS 2018 - 2023

Scroll horizontally if needed to view full table.

This chart is based upon the U.S. sourced firearms from the chart above entitled "Firearms Recovered in Canada and Submitted to ATF for Tracing". The total does not include trace numbers from the category "Undetermined Source Country for Firearms".

• The category "U.S. Sourced Firearms" refers to those firearms that were determined by ATF to be manufactured in the U.S. or legally imported into the U.S. by a federal firearms licensee.
• "Traced to a Retail Purchaser" refers to those traces in which ATF could determine the first retail purchaser, that is, a sale executed on an ATF Firearms Transaction Record (ATF Form 4473) from a U.S. federal firearms licensee to a purchaser in the U.S. (As a comparison, for firearms recovered in the U.S. and traced to a retail purchaser, the average percentage for firearms traced for the time period CY 2018 - CY 2023 is approximately 78%).
• "Traced to a Foreign Country" refers to those firearms that were determined by ATF to be transferred from a U.S. federal firearms licensee to a foreign government, law enforcement, dealer or entity.
• "Unable to Determine a Purchaser" refers to those firearms that were manufactured in/imported into the U.S. but ATF was unable to determine the first retail purchaser through the trace process. Common reasons ATF is unable to identify a purchaser:
  • Incomplete firearms identifying data on the trace request form
  • Incomplete or never received out‐of‐business federal firearms licensee records (upon discontinuance of business by a federal firearms licensee, the records shall be delivered within 30 days to ATF or other Attorney General stipulated location (Title 18 U.S.C. 923(g)(4))
  • Altered or obliterated firearm serial numbers
  • The firearm is considered to be too old to trace
  • Current federal firearms licensee records are incomplete or missing, or the federal firearms licensee was unresponsive to ATF’s request for trace information
     

Types of Firearms Recovered in Canada
and Submitted to ATF for Tracing

CALENDAR YEARS 2018 - 2023

Scroll horizontally if needed to view full table.

This chart is based upon firearms recovered in Canada in a particular year and submitted to ATF for tracing.

• The "Other" category refers to any other weapons, combination guns, derringers, destructive devices, flare guns, machineguns, machinegun conversion devices, receivers/frames, silencers, tear gas launchers and unknown types (to include trace requests that do not annotate a firearm type).